Methods
The Singapore Chinese Health Study
This is a population-based prospective cohort study. The cohort was drawn from permanent resident or citizens of Singapore who resided in government-built housing estates. During the recruitment period from April 1, 1993 through December 31, 1998, 86% of the Singapore population resided in government-built housing estates.
The Shanghai Cohort Study
This is a population-based prospective cohort study. The criteria for enrollment into the study were male residents of 45-64 years who resided within geographically defined four neighborhoods in the city of Shanghai, China. During January 1, 1986 through September 30, 1989, 18,244 men were recruited into the study.